$wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
						'value'   => '"' . $role . '"',
						'compare' => 'NOT LIKE',
					);
				}

				$role_queries[] = $role__not_in_clauses;
			}

			// If there are no specific roles named, make sure the user is a member of the site.
			if ( empty( $role_queries ) ) {
				$role_queries[] = array(
					'key'     => $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
					'compare' => 'EXISTS',
				);
			}

			// Specify that role queries should be joined with AND.
			$role_queries['relation'] = 'AND';

			if ( empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) {
				$this->meta_query->queries = $role_queries;
			} else {
				// Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query.
				$this->meta_query->queries = array(
					'relation' => 'AND',
					array( $this->meta_query->queries, $role_queries ),
				);
			}

			$this->meta_query->parse_query_vars( $this->meta_query->queries );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $this->meta_query->queries ) ) {
			$clauses            = $this->meta_query->get_sql( 'user', $wpdb->users, 'ID', $this );
			$this->query_from  .= $clauses['join'];
			$this->query_where .= $clauses['where'];

			if ( $this->meta_query->has_or_relation() ) {
				$this->query_fields = 'DISTINCT ' . $this->query_fields;
			}
		}

		// Sorting.
		$qv['order'] = isset( $qv['order'] ) ? strtoupper( $qv['order'] ) : '';
		$order       = $this->parse_order( $qv['order'] );

		if ( empty( $qv['orderby'] ) ) {
			// Default order is by 'user_login'.
			$ordersby = array( 'user_login' => $order );
		} elseif ( is_array( $qv['orderby'] ) ) {
			$ordersby = $qv['orderby'];
		} else {
			// 'orderby' values may be a comma- or space-separated list.
			$ordersby = preg_split( '/[,\s]+/', $qv['orderby'] );
		}

		$orderby_array = array();
		foreach ( $ordersby as $_key => $_value ) {
			if ( ! $_value ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( is_int( $_key ) ) {
				// Integer key means this is a flat array of 'orderby' fields.
				$_orderby = $_value;
				$_order   = $order;
			} else {
				// Non-integer key means this the key is the field and the value is ASC/DESC.
				$_orderby = $_key;
				$_order   = $_value;
			}

			$parsed = $this->parse_orderby( $_orderby );

			if ( ! $parsed ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( 'nicename__in' === $_orderby || 'login__in' === $_orderby ) {
				$orderby_array[] = $parsed;
			} else {
				$orderby_array[] = $parsed . ' ' . $this->parse_order( $_order );
			}
		}

		// If no valid clauses were found, order by user_login.
		if ( empty( $orderby_array ) ) {
			$orderby_array[] = "user_login $order";
		}

		$this->query_orderby = 'ORDER BY ' . implode( ', ', $orderby_array );

		// Limit.
		if ( isset( $qv['number'] ) && $qv['number'] > 0 ) {
			if ( $qv['offset'] ) {
				$this->query_limit = $wpdb->prepare( 'LIMIT %d, %d', $qv['offset'], $qv['number'] );
			} else {
				$this->query_limit = $wpdb->prepare( 'LIMIT %d, %d', $qv['number'] * ( $qv['paged'] - 1 ), $qv['number'] );
			}
		}

		$search = '';
		if ( isset( $qv['search'] ) ) {
			$search = trim( $qv['search'] );
		}

		if ( $search ) {
			$leading_wild  = ( ltrim( $search, '*' ) !== $search );
			$trailing_wild = ( rtrim( $search, '*' ) !== $search );
			if ( $leading_wild && $trailing_wild ) {
				$wild = 'both';
			} elseif ( $leading_wild ) {
				$wild = 'leading';
			} elseif ( $trailing_wild ) {
				$wild = 'trailing';
			} else {
				$wild = false;
			}
			if ( $wild ) {
				$search = trim( $search, '*' );
			}

			$search_columns = array();
			if ( $qv['search_columns'] ) {
				$search_columns = array_intersect( $qv['search_columns'], array( 'ID', 'user_login', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' ) );
			}
			if ( ! $search_columns ) {
				if ( str_contains( $search, '@' ) ) {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_email' );
				} elseif ( is_numeric( $search ) ) {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_login', 'ID' );
				} elseif ( preg_match( '|^https?://|', $search ) && ! ( is_multisite() && wp_is_large_network( 'users' ) ) ) {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_url' );
				} else {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_login', 'user_url', 'user_email', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' );
				}
			}

			/**
			 * Filters the columns to search in a WP_User_Query search.
			 *
			 * The default columns depend on the search term, and include 'ID', 'user_login',
			 * 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', and 'display_name'.
			 *
			 * @since 3.6.0
			 *
			 * @param string[]      $search_columns Array of column names to be searched.
			 * @param string        $search         Text being searched.
			 * @param WP_User_Query $query          The current WP_User_Query instance.
			 */
			$search_columns = apply_filters( 'user_search_columns', $search_columns, $search, $this );

			$this->query_where .= $this->get_search_sql( $search, $search_columns, $wild );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $include ) ) {
			// Sanitized earlier.
			$ids                = implode( ',', $include );
			$this->query_where .= " AND $wpdb->users.ID IN ($ids)";
		} elseif ( ! empty( $qv['exclude'] ) ) {
			$ids                = implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $qv['exclude'] ) );
			$this->query_where .= " AND $wpdb->users.ID NOT IN ($ids)";
		}

		// Date queries are allowed for the user_registered field.
		if ( ! empty( $qv['date_query'] ) && is_array( $qv['date_query'] ) ) {
			$date_query         = new WP_Date_Query( $qv['date_query'], 'user_registered' );
			$this->query_where .= $date_query->get_sql();
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after the WP_User_Query has been parsed, and before
		 * the query is executed.
		 *
		 * The passed WP_User_Query object contains SQL parts formed
		 * from parsing the given query.
		 *
		 * @since 3.1.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_User_Query $query Current instance of WP_User_Query (passed by reference).
		 */
		do_action_ref_array( 'pre_user_query', array( &$this ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Executes the query, with the current variables.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 */
	public function query() {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! did_action( 'plugins_loaded' ) ) {
			_doing_it_wrong(
				'WP_User_Query::query',
				sprintf(
				/* translators: %s: plugins_loaded */
					__( 'User queries should not be run before the %s hook.' ),
					'<code>plugins_loaded</code>'
				),
				'6.1.1'
			);
		}

		$qv =& $this->query_vars;

		// Do not cache results if more than 3 fields are requested.
		if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) && count( $qv['fields'] ) > 3 ) {
			$qv['cache_results'] = false;
		}

		/**
		 * Filters the users array before the query takes place.
		 *
		 * Return a non-null value to bypass WordPress' default user queries.
		 *
		 * Filtering functions that require pagination information are encouraged to set
		 * the `total_users` property of the WP_User_Query object, passed to the filter
		 * by reference. If WP_User_Query does not perform a database query, it will not
		 * have enough information to generate these values itself.
		 *
		 * @since 5.1.0
		 *
		 * @param array|null    $results Return an array of user data to short-circuit WP's user query
		 *                               or null to allow WP to run its normal queries.
		 * @param WP_User_Query $query   The WP_User_Query instance (passed by reference).
		 */
		$this->results = apply_filters_ref_array( 'users_pre_query', array( null, &$this ) );

		if ( null === $this->results ) {
			// Beginning of the string is on a new line to prevent leading whitespace. See https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/56841.
			$this->request =
				"SELECT {$this->query_fields}
				 {$this->query_from}
				 {$this->query_where}
				 {$this->query_orderby}
				 {$this->query_limit}";
			$cache_value   = false;
			$cache_key     = $this->generate_cache_key( $qv, $this->request );
			$cache_group   = 'user-queries';
			if ( $qv['cache_results'] ) {
				$cache_value = wp_cache_get( $cache_key, $cache_group );
			}
			if ( false !== $cache_value ) {
				$this->results     = $cache_value['user_data'];
				$this->total_users = $cache_value['total_users'];
			} else {

				if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) ) {
					$this->results = $wpdb->get_results( $this->request );
				} else {
					$this->results = $wpdb->get_col( $this->request );
				}

				if ( isset( $qv['count_total'] ) && $qv['count_total'] ) {
					/**
					 * Filters SELECT FOUND_ROWS() query for the current WP_User_Query instance.
					 *
					 * @since 3.2.0
					 * @since 5.1.0 Added the `$this` parameter.
					 *
					 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
					 *
					 * @param string        $sql   The SELECT FOUND_ROWS() query for the current WP_User_Query.
					 * @param WP_User_Query $query The current WP_User_Query instance.
					 */
					$found_users_query = apply_filters( 'found_users_query', 'SELECT FOUND_ROWS()', $this );

					$this->total_users = (int) $wpdb->get_var( $found_users_query );
				}

				if ( $qv['cache_results'] ) {
					$cache_value = array(
						'user_data'   => $this->results,
						'total_users' => $this->total_users,
					);
					wp_cache_add( $cache_key, $cache_value, $cache_group );
				}
			}
		}

		if ( ! $this->results ) {
			return;
		}
		if (
			is_array( $qv['fields'] ) &&
			isset( $this->results[0]->ID )
		) {
			foreach ( $this->results as $result ) {
				$result->id = $result->ID;
			}
		} elseif ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] || 'all' === $qv['fields'] ) {
			if ( function_exists( 'cache_users' ) ) {
				cache_users( $this->results );
			}

			$r = array();
			foreach ( $this->results as $userid ) {
				if ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] ) {
					$r[ $userid ] = new WP_User( $userid, '', $qv['blog_id'] );
				} else {
					$r[] = new WP_User( $userid, '', $qv['blog_id'] );
				}
			}

			$this->results = $r;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves query variable.
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 *
	 * @param string $query_var Query variable key.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function get( $query_var ) {
		if ( isset( $this->query_vars[ $query_var ] ) ) {
			return $this->query_vars[ $query_var ];
		}

		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets query variable.
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 *
	 * @param string $query_var Query variable key.
	 * @param mixed  $value     Query variable value.
	 */
	public function set( $query_var, $value ) {
		$this->query_vars[ $query_var ] = $value;
	}

	/**
	 * Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param string   $search  Search string.
	 * @param string[] $columns Array of columns to search.
	 * @param bool     $wild    Whether to allow wildcard searches. Default is false for Network Admin, true for single site.
	 *                          Single site allows leading and trailing wildcards, Network Admin only trailing.
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function get_search_sql( $search, $columns, $wild = false ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$searches      = array();
		$leading_wild  = ( 'leading' === $wild || 'both' === $wild ) ? '%' : '';
		$trailing_wild = ( 'trailing' === $wild || 'both' === $wild ) ? '%' : '';
		$like          = $leading_wild . $wpdb->esc_like( $search ) . $trailing_wild;

		foreach ( $columns as $column ) {
			if ( 'ID' === $column ) {
				$searches[] = $wpdb->prepare( "$column = %s", $search );
			} else {
				$searches[] = $wpdb->prepare( "$column LIKE %s", $like );
			}
		}

		return ' AND (' . implode( ' OR ', $searches ) . ')';
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the list of users.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @return array Array of results.
	 */
	public function get_results() {
		return $this->results;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the total number of users for the current query.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @return int Number of total users.
	 */
	public function get_total() {
		return $this->total_users;
	}

	/**
	 * Parses and sanitizes 'orderby' keys passed to the user query.
	 *
	 * @since 4.2.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param string $orderby Alias for the field to order by.
	 * @return string Value to used in the ORDER clause, if `$orderby` is valid.
	 */
	protected function parse_orderby( $orderby ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$meta_query_clauses = $this->meta_query->get_clauses();

		$_orderby = '';
		if ( in_array( $orderby, array( 'login', 'nicename', 'email', 'url', 'registered' ), true ) ) {
			$_orderby = 'user_' . $orderby;
		} elseif ( in_array( $orderby, array( 'user_login', 'user_nicename', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_registered' ), true ) ) {
			$_orderby = $orderby;
		} elseif ( 'name' === $orderby || 'display_name' === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = 'display_name';
		} elseif ( 'post_count' === $orderby ) {
			// @todo Avoid the JOIN.
			$where             = get_posts_by_author_sql( 'post' );
			$this->query_from .= " LEFT OUTER JOIN (
				SELECT post_author, COUNT(*) as post_count
				FROM $wpdb->posts
				$where
				GROUP BY post_author
			) p ON ({$wpdb->users}.ID = p.post_author)";
			$_orderby          = 'post_count';
		} elseif ( 'ID' === $orderby || 'id' === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = 'ID';
		} elseif ( 'meta_value' === $orderby || $this->get( 'meta_key' ) === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = "$wpdb->usermeta.meta_value";
		} elseif ( 'meta_value_num' === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = "$wpdb->usermeta.meta_value+0";
		} elseif ( 'include' === $orderby && ! empty( $this->query_vars['include'] ) ) {
			$include     = wp_parse_id_list( $this->query_vars['include'] );
			$include_sql = implode( ',', $include );
			$_orderby    = "FIELD( $wpdb->users.ID, $include_sql )";
		} elseif ( 'nicename__in' === $orderby ) {
			$sanitized_nicename__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $this->query_vars['nicename__in'] );
			$nicename__in           = implode( "','", $sanitized_nicename__in );
			$_orderby               = "FIELD( user_nicename, '$nicename__in' )";
		} elseif ( 'login__in' === $orderby ) {
			$sanitized_login__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $this->query_vars['login__in'] );
			$login__in           = implode( "','", $sanitized_login__in );
			$_orderby            = "FIELD( user_login, '$login__in' )";
		} elseif ( isset( $meta_query_clauses[ $orderby ] ) ) {
			$meta_clause = $meta_query_clauses[ $orderby ];
			$_orderby    = sprintf( 'CAST(%s.meta_value AS %s)', esc_sql( $meta_clause['alias'] ), esc_sql( $meta_clause['cast'] ) );
		}

		return $_orderby;
	}

	/**
	 * Generate cache key.
	 *
	 * @since 6.3.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param array  $args Query arguments.
	 * @param string $sql  SQL statement.
	 * @return string Cache key.
	 */
	protected function generate_cache_key( array $args, $sql ) {
		global $wpdb;

		// Replace wpdb placeholder in the SQL statement used by the cache key.
		$sql = $wpdb->remove_placeholder_escape( $sql );

		$key          = md5( $sql );
		$last_changed = wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'users' );

		if ( empty( $args['orderby'] ) ) {
			// Default order is by 'user_login'.
			$ordersby = array( 'user_login' => '' );
		} elseif ( is_array( $args['orderby'] ) ) {
			$ordersby = $args['orderby'];
		} else {
			// 'orderby' values may be a comma- or space-separated list.
			$ordersby = preg_split( '/[,\s]+/', $args['orderby'] );
		}

		$blog_id = 0;
		if ( isset( $args['blog_id'] ) ) {
			$blog_id = absint( $args['blog_id'] );
		}

		if ( $args['has_published_posts'] || in_array( 'post_count', $ordersby, true ) ) {
			$switch = $blog_id && get_current_blog_id() !== $blog_id;
			if ( $switch ) {
				switch_to_blog( $blog_id );
			}

			$last_changed .= wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'posts' );

			if ( $switch ) {
				restore_current_blog();
			}
		}

		return "get_users:$key:$last_changed";
	}

	/**
	 * Parses an 'order' query variable and casts it to ASC or DESC as necessary.
	 *
	 * @since 4.2.0
	 *
	 * @param string $order The 'order' query variable.
	 * @return string The sanitized 'order' query variable.
	 */
	protected function parse_order( $order ) {
		if ( ! is_string( $order ) || empty( $order ) ) {
			return 'DESC';
		}

		if ( 'ASC' === strtoupper( $order ) ) {
			return 'ASC';
		} else {
			return 'DESC';
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties readable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 * @since 6.4.0 Getting a dynamic property is deprecated.
	 *
	 * @param string $name Property to get.
	 * @return mixed Property.
	 */
	public function __get( $name ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) {
			return $this->$name;
		}

		wp_trigger_error(
			__METHOD__,
			"The property `{$name}` is not declared. Getting a dynamic property is " .
			'deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.',
			E_USER_DEPRECATED
		);
		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties settable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 * @since 6.4.0 Setting a dynamic property is deprecated.
	 *
	 * @param string $name  Property to check if set.
	 * @param mixed  $value Property value.
	 */
	public function __set( $name, $value ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) {
			$this->$name = $value;
			return;
		}

		wp_trigger_error(
			__METHOD__,
			"The property `{$name}` is not declared. Setting a dynamic property is " .
			'deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.',
			E_USER_DEPRECATED
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties checkable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 * @since 6.4.0 Checking a dynamic property is deprecated.
	 *
	 * @param string $name Property to check if set.
	 * @return bool Whether the property is set.
	 */
	public function __isset( $name ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) {
			return isset( $this->$name );
		}

		wp_trigger_error(
			__METHOD__,
			"The property `{$name}` is not declared. Checking `isset()` on a dynamic property " .
			'is deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.',
			E_USER_DEPRECATED
		);
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties un-settable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 * @since 6.4.0 Unsetting a dynamic property is deprecated.
	 *
	 * @param string $name Property to unset.
	 */
	public function __unset( $name ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this->compat_fields, true ) ) {
			unset( $this->$name );
			return;
		}

		wp_trigger_error(
			__METHOD__,
			"A property `{$name}` is not declared. Unsetting a dynamic property is " .
			'deprecated since version 6.4.0! Instead, declare the property on the class.',
			E_USER_DEPRECATED
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private/protected methods readable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name      Method to call.
	 * @param array  $arguments Arguments to pass when calling.
	 * @return mixed Return value of the callback, false otherwise.
	 */
	public function __call( $name, $arguments ) {
		if ( 'get_search_sql' === $name ) {
			return $this->get_search_sql( ...$arguments );
		}
		return false;
	}
}